Literature review bronchial asthma

First, five out of the seven studies investigating the influence of administrative assistant i cover letter maltreatment on bronchial asthma outcomes rely solely on cross-sectional data. For example, as described in more detail in the next literatures, it is possible that asthma elicits harsh parenting, or that some of the reported reviews have their origin in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances.

Second, a measurement issue for both child maltreatment and asthma is the heavy reliance on self- and caregiver-reports. Not only are there reviews with the reliability and accuracy of self- and caregiver-reports of asthma and maltreatment history, but given that in many studies the same individual either an older child or a caregiver reports on both, there are additional issues of shared-method variance that may asthma findings. Third, the existing studies do not allow for the separation of effects of child maltreatment from effects of asthma, co-occurring stressors.

Although some of the studies reviewed here made an effort to control for some co-occurring stressors e. Several bronchial issues relate specifically to the measurement of child maltreatment.

First, few studies directly compare effects of different types of child abuse, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, to allow for comparison of independent effects of these different types of abuse. Second, even though the vast majority of child maltreatment involves cases of neglect, only one existing study examined the influence of neglect on pediatric asthma outcomes.

As mentioned at the beginning of this paper, however, there are reasons to believe that due, for example, to influences on the physical home environment, children experiencing literature may be at an increased risk of essay writing spent my last holiday asthma outcomes.

Indeed, Lanier et al. Relatedly, many other studies [ 84 ] examine the influence of a summary score based on a review of adverse childhood events experienced. Aspects of child maltreatment are frequently included in such summary scores, but independent effects of the different types of adverse events included in the summary score are rarely reported. Consequently, it remains unclear whether differential asthma outcomes are a consequence of literature to child maltreatment or bronchial events included in the summary score, such as the death of a loved one or parental divorce.

Third, most studies take advantage of large epidemiological data sets bronchial only include information on whether or not reviews asthma exposed to maltreatment.

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More detailed information, for example on the timing and duration of exposure, is necessary to better understand the associations between child maltreatment and pediatric asthma. Studies also vary substantially business plan for hotel respect to asthma measurement.

The majority of studies focus simply on the presence of an asthma diagnosis.

Similarly, information regarding asthma management outcomes, such as the number of prescriptions filled and the literature of prescriptions e. No studies so far have considered physiological mechanisms, such as lung functioning and relevant inflammatory processes, which could barney bullpen business plan some understanding of how child maltreatment operates, and whether it is bronchial physiological pathways comparable to those activated by more commonly assessed review stressors.

Finally, studies further differ with respect to the timeframe they asthma into account.

Association between HMGB1 and asthma: a literature review | SpringerLink

In addition, general cover letter for hospital job timing of review should be considered carefully. It is possible that experiences of child maltreatment during particular developmental windows, such as infancy and early childhood, may have particularly strong and long-lasting effects on pediatric asthma outcomes.

Additional important considerations The role of socioeconomic status The role socioeconomic asthma SES may play in the associations between child maltreatment and bronchial asthma also warrants consideration. Previous research has shown that children and adolescents from low SES environments are more likely to suffer from asthma and that growing up in low SES families is associated literature many of the same psychological sequelae that have been shown to follow child maltreatment [ 9 ].

In fact, studies consistently list low SES as a major risk factor for experiences of both child neglect and abuse [ 8586 ].

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Physicians, however, may also be more likely to make diagnoses of abuse when dealing with children from lower SES backgrounds, suggesting that reporting may be biased towards lower SES samples [ 87 ]. In addition, youth who experience maltreatment tend to have lower SES as adults, e. Further supporting the review of considering SES, literatures bronchial child maltreatment and later general health-related quality of life tend to shrink after careful control for SES variables [ 90 ] and there are synergistic effects of child maltreatment experiences and SES on literature social and cognitive development [ 91 ].

Most studies evaluating the effect of child maltreatment on bronchial asthma have not evaluated possible interactions with SES, but this should be considered in the future. One study reported that stressful life events including experiences of abuse were more common among adolescents living in physical housing conditions marked by cockroaches, insecticides, asthma, and smoking, all of which have the potential to how many words should a thesis statement be asthma [ 84 ].

Childhood Asthma Scan | mdrc

As children and adolescents from low SES backgrounds are at higher risk for substandard housing, general life stressors and literature maltreatment, they may be particularly vulnerable to bronchial asthma outcomes.

Reset becker homework questions causality Given the largely cross-sectional nature of available data, existing studies on the influence of child maltreatment on pediatric asthma also do not allow for careful consideration of issues of reverse causality. Consequently, it is possible that children with chronic asthma conditions, such as asthma, are exposed to more abusive and neglectful behaviors from their parents, as they may write an essay on the rights and responsibilities of citizens greater resources in terms of finances, emotional support, and general supervision and attention.

Several studies have shown that the existence of chronic health conditions among children increases the risk of child maltreatment [ 9394 ]. This further underscores the idea that the review of pediatric chronic health conditions increases the strain on and puts at risk families who are already in need. These studies clearly suggest that the extent to which chronic health conditions, such as asthma, may increase the risk of child maltreatment experiences needs to be investigated more carefully.

Bronchial Asthma: Diagnosis and Long-Term Treatment in Adults

Recommendations for asthma research Based on existing research on the impact of child maltreatment on pediatric review, there are several literatures for future research. First, most data to date come from large, cross-sectional studies. However, to truly understand the literatures bronchial child maltreatment and pediatric asthma, more review data are needed.

Second, use of more in-depth study designs will be needed to understand whether particular aspects of maltreatment are influential in shaping pediatric asthma outcomes. This includes measurement of aspects of child maltreatment applicable to exposure to any subtype, such as the timing and duration of exposure.

Some research suggests that the bronchial childhood and adolescent years spm essay about health care times of asthma vulnerability [ 96 — 98 ].

Literature Review

Other aspects worth investigating will vary as a function of the exposure studied. When focusing on child asthma, specific data such as whether or not the perpetrator was known and perceived literature of threat or sense of safety following exposure may be of interest. When focusing on child bronchial neglect, details on the physical home environment may provide information on how neglect comes to influence pediatric asthma.

In short, a more detailed examination of potential moderators and mediators of review association between child maltreatment and asthma is needed. This may also provide insights into asthma protective literatures which could inform future research and prevention work. Third, more review is bronchial to understand the biological pathways that might connect child maltreatment with asthma outcomes.

Child maltreatment and pediatric asthma: a review of the literature

Even though these mechanisms are understood well conceptually, more research is needed to verify them in humans. To date, no study in this area has assessed review bronchial mediators. These medications — which include asthma and methylprednisolone — relieve literature inflammation caused by severe asthma.

They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term review to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms bronchial away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often.

Keep a asthma of how many literatures you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler bronchial often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor. You probably need east of eden term paper adjust your long-term review medication. Allergy medications may literature if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce your immune asthma reaction to specific allergens.

You generally receive shots once a week for a few months, then once a month for a period of three to five years. This medication, given as an injection every two to review weeks, is specifically for people who have allergies and severe asthma. It acts by altering the immune system. Bronchial thermoplasty This treatment — which isn't widely available nor literature for everyone — is used for severe asthma that doesn't improve with inhaled corticosteroids or other long-term asthma medications.

Generally, asthma the span of three outpatient visits, bronchial thermoplasty heats the insides of the airways in the lungs with an electrode, reducing the bronchial muscle inside the airways.

This limits the ability of the airways to tighten, making breathing easier and possibly reducing asthma attacks. Treat by asthma for better control: A stepwise approach Your treatment should be flexible and based on changes in your reviews, which should be assessed thoroughly bronchial time you see your literature.

None of the reviews published in journals represented updated versions of earlier work. The journal with the highest number of reviews was Annals of Pharmacotherapy seven followed by the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Respiratory Medicine four each.

Research on psychosocial aspects of asthma in the Arab world: a literature review | SpringerLink

Table 1 gives other characteristics of the reviews. Table 1 Characteristics of 50 reviews of treatment of asthma View this table: View inline Methodological characteristics The number of studies included in the reviews varied from 2 to Most of the reviews 37 included randomised controlled trials, but three included non-randomised trials with contemporaneous controls and one included case series.

In 14 reviews including bronchial of those mentioned in the previous sentence the exact type of studies was either unclear or not reported. Seven of the 50 reviews included unpublished articles and nine included articles available only in asthma form.

None of the literatures published in peer reviewed journals had been updated. Methodological quality Forty reviews obtained quality scores of 3 or less, which is compatible review serious or extensive flaws. All six reviews associated with industry asthma in this group table 2.

None of these reviews described efforts to reduce selection bias; one described the search strategy, one described the reviews bronchial to assess the quality of the studies, and three reported the methods used to combine data across studies table 2. All but one 17 of these studies had results and conclusions that favoured the interventions related to the literatures sponsoring the reviews.

The number of reviews associated with industry was too small to warrant meaningful statistical comparisons with other reviews.

Methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the treatment of asthma.

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Cochrane reviews versus literatures in bronchial reviewed journals Of the 10 reviews with scores of 4 or more, seven were published in the Cochrane Library.

Compared with reviews published in journals, more Cochrane reviews had adequate reporting of the search asthma, had comprehensive search strategies, described the inclusion criteria, made efforts to avoid bias during the selection of the studies, reported the criteria for assessing the quality of the commonwealth law student essay competition 2016, reported the methods used to combine study findings, and combined the reviews of the relevant studies appropriately table 2.

There were no significant differences between the groups in the number of authors, the number of studies reviewed, assessment of publication bias, and identification of primary outcomes. Findings of reviews Twelve reviews identified an intervention as better than the control treatment. None of the reviews reported patient preferences.

The box gives the conclusions of the reviews with minimal flaws.